WEKO3
アイテム
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On an average night, Marty might be picked up by two or three different \"chicken hawks\" and engage in various sexual acts with them or pose for pornographic pictures or both. In the process, he often could earn close to $500 in a week. \"See S.Rep. No.95-438 p,7 (1977), U. S. Code Cong. \u0026 Admin. News 95th Cong. 2d Sess. (1978) pp.44,45.\n On February 6, 1978, the United States Congress enacted the Protection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation Act of 1977. Its purpose was especially to prohibit the use of children in the production of materials that depict explicit sexual conduct. However, the statute was based on First Amendment case law requiring a showing of obscenity as a condition precedent to a legislative interest in banning child pornography.\n In 1982, the United States Supreme Court ruled, in New York v. Ferber, that the State\u0027s interest in protecting children outweighed a need for First Amendment protection of child pornography.\n So in l984, the United States Congress amended the Protection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation Act of 1977 to strike out the \"obscene\" requirement, lowering the standard for the prohibited material from \"obscene\" to \"sexually explicit.\" Application of the amended Act has been problematic, however, because it holds both the distributors and recipients of videotapes containing child pornography striclly liable with respect to the contents of the tapes.\n The Act rendered illegal the conduct of any individual who \"knowingiy makes, prints, or publishes\" an advertisemet offering to receive any visual depiction involving the use of minors engaged in sexually explicit conduct. 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X-Citement Video lnc., the United States Supreme Court held that 18 USC §2252 (a) (1) and (2), a statute criminalizing the distribution of child pornography, required the government to prove that a distributor had knowledge of the sexually explicit nature of the materials and the age of the performers.\n This interpretation is supported by the canon that a statute is to be construed where fairly possible so as so avoid substantial constitutional questions.\n This paper analyzes the \"knowingly\" requirement of the Protection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation Act of 1977 in light of the Court\u0027s decisions."}]}, "item_creator": {"attribute_name": "著者", "attribute_type": "creator", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"creatorNames": [{"creatorName": "橋本, 裕臧"}, {"creatorName": "ハシモト, ユウゾウ", "creatorNameLang": "ja-Kana"}], "nameIdentifiers": [{"nameIdentifier": "9170", "nameIdentifierScheme": "WEKO"}]}, {"creatorNames": [{"creatorName": "Hashimoto, Yuzo", "creatorNameLang": "en"}], "nameIdentifiers": [{"nameIdentifier": "9171", "nameIdentifierScheme": "WEKO"}]}]}, "item_files": {"attribute_name": "ファイル情報", "attribute_type": "file", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"accessrole": "open_date", "date": [{"dateType": "Available", "dateValue": "2013-06-14"}], "displaytype": "detail", "download_preview_message": "", "file_order": 0, "filename": "NO_14-33-48.pdf", "filesize": [{"value": "1.7 MB"}], "format": "application/pdf", "future_date_message": "", "is_thumbnail": false, "licensetype": "license_free", "mimetype": "application/pdf", "size": 1700000.0, "url": {"label": "NO_14-33-48", "url": "https://ouj.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/7371/files/NO_14-33-48.pdf"}, "version_id": "754bf45d-88b6-4989-ac28-80e70d194715"}]}, "item_language": {"attribute_name": "言語", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_language": "jpn"}]}, "item_resource_type": {"attribute_name": "資源タイプ", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"resourcetype": "departmental bulletin paper", "resourceuri": "http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"}]}, "item_title": "チャイルドポルノ規制と猥褻物頒布罪の故意", "item_titles": {"attribute_name": "タイトル", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_title": "チャイルドポルノ規制と猥褻物頒布罪の故意"}, {"subitem_title": "What can enable us to protect children against sexual abuse? : Statutory Interpretation and \"knowingly\" Requirement", "subitem_title_language": "en"}]}, "item_type_id": "10002", "owner": "3", "path": ["448"], "permalink_uri": "https://ouj.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/7371", "pubdate": {"attribute_name": "公開日", "attribute_value": "2013-06-14"}, "publish_date": "2013-06-14", "publish_status": "0", "recid": "7371", "relation": {}, "relation_version_is_last": true, "title": ["チャイルドポルノ規制と猥褻物頒布罪の故意"], "weko_shared_id": 3}
チャイルドポルノ規制と猥褻物頒布罪の故意
https://ouj.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/7371
https://ouj.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/7371b5b02c12-481c-4d2f-8d9f-ca2ea67b420c
名前 / ファイル | ライセンス | アクション |
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NO_14-33-48 (1.7 MB)
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Item type | 紀要論文 / Departmental Bulletin Paper(1) | |||||
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公開日 | 2013-06-14 | |||||
タイトル | ||||||
タイトル | チャイルドポルノ規制と猥褻物頒布罪の故意 | |||||
タイトル | ||||||
言語 | en | |||||
タイトル | What can enable us to protect children against sexual abuse? : Statutory Interpretation and "knowingly" Requirement | |||||
言語 | ||||||
言語 | jpn | |||||
資源タイプ | ||||||
資源タイプ識別子 | http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 | |||||
資源タイプ | departmental bulletin paper | |||||
著者 |
橋本, 裕臧
× 橋本, 裕臧× Hashimoto, Yuzo |
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抄録(英) | ||||||
言語 | en | |||||
値 | "Marty testified that in Chicago many young boys-often referred to as 'chickens'-served as prostitutes for older men known as'chiken hawks.' On any given night as many as fifty of these 'chickens' varying in age from 12 to 19 years old wouid congregate in the areas of Clark and Diversy streets waiting to be picked up by a 'chicken hawks'. On an average night, Marty might be picked up by two or three different "chicken hawks" and engage in various sexual acts with them or pose for pornographic pictures or both. In the process, he often could earn close to $500 in a week. "See S.Rep. No.95-438 p,7 (1977), U. S. Code Cong. & Admin. News 95th Cong. 2d Sess. (1978) pp.44,45. On February 6, 1978, the United States Congress enacted the Protection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation Act of 1977. Its purpose was especially to prohibit the use of children in the production of materials that depict explicit sexual conduct. However, the statute was based on First Amendment case law requiring a showing of obscenity as a condition precedent to a legislative interest in banning child pornography. In 1982, the United States Supreme Court ruled, in New York v. Ferber, that the State's interest in protecting children outweighed a need for First Amendment protection of child pornography. So in l984, the United States Congress amended the Protection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation Act of 1977 to strike out the "obscene" requirement, lowering the standard for the prohibited material from "obscene" to "sexually explicit." Application of the amended Act has been problematic, however, because it holds both the distributors and recipients of videotapes containing child pornography striclly liable with respect to the contents of the tapes. The Act rendered illegal the conduct of any individual who "knowingiy makes, prints, or publishes" an advertisemet offering to receive any visual depiction involving the use of minors engaged in sexually explicit conduct. The U.S.Congress explained its intention in using the word "knowingly": the "government must prove that the defendant knew the character of the visual depictions as depicting a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct, but need not prove that the defendant actually knew the person depicted was in fact under 18 years of age or that the depictions violated Federal law." See infra Christina Egan, at 1357. On November 29, 1994, in United States v. X-Citement Video lnc., the United States Supreme Court held that 18 USC §2252 (a) (1) and (2), a statute criminalizing the distribution of child pornography, required the government to prove that a distributor had knowledge of the sexually explicit nature of the materials and the age of the performers. This interpretation is supported by the canon that a statute is to be construed where fairly possible so as so avoid substantial constitutional questions. This paper analyzes the "knowingly" requirement of the Protection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation Act of 1977 in light of the Court's decisions. |
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書誌情報 |
放送大学研究年報 en : Journal of the University of the Air 巻 14, p. 33-48, 発行日 1997-03-31 |
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ISSN | ||||||
収録物識別子タイプ | ISSN | |||||
収録物識別子 | 0911-4505 | |||||
書誌レコードID | ||||||
収録物識別子タイプ | NCID | |||||
収録物識別子 | AN10019636 |